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KDF/GAC test results || summary of models || filtration stages || installation | backwashing || disinfection || GAC || other Crystal Quest product pages
KDF media utilize an old process in a new way-the oxidation and reduction of ions, known as redox. In short, the redox process works by exchanging electrons with contaminants. This give and take of electrons converts many harmful contaminants into harmless components, such as chlorine to chloride. Other contaminants, including heavy metals, bond to the KDF media, which greatly reduces or virtually eliminates these substances.
KDF process media control microorganisms in two ways. The first is a by-product of redox; the exchange of electrons sets up an electrolytic field in which most microorganisms can't survive. Second, the process of forming hydroxyl radicals and peroxides from some of the water molecules interferes with the microorganisms' ability to function.
Redox media remove up to 98% of water-soluble cations (positively-charged ions) of lead, mercury, copper, nickel, chromium, and other dissolved metals.
When filtered through KDF media, soluble lead cations are reduced to insoluble lead atoms, which are electroplated onto the surface of the media. Other heavy metals bond to the media and may be recovered when the exhausted media is passed through a copper smelter.
KDF Process Media are generally used in place of, or in conjunction with, granular activated carbon water filters. KDF Process Media extend the life of GAC while protecting the carbon bed against fouling by bacterial growth.
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NFS Standard 53 Test Protocol Performed by independent laboratory |
20,000 galllons of city water, spiked with high levels of specific contaminants, was run through a KDF/GAC cartidge. The efficiency shown below was measured AFTER 20,000 gallons had passed through the cartridge (when new, removal is 99+%). Most other non-standard tests show results after only one pass of contaminated water, which does not indicate how the filter will perform towards the end of its life. To pass the NSF-53 protocol, the effluent must be under the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) throughout the test.
All concentrations are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/l).
test results at 20,000 gallons
| Chemical | Influent | Effluent | Efficiency | EPA MCL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| THM (chloroform) | 0.57 | 0.029 | 95% | 0.1 |
| Lead | 0.19 | 0.006 | 97% | 0.025 |
| Fluoride (1) | 8.26 | 0.78 | 91% | 1.4 |
| Nitrate (1) | 30.7 | 8.03 | 74% | 10.0 |
| Barium | 10.4 | 0.56 | 95% | 1.0 |
| Arsenic | 0.37 | 0.007 | 98% | 0.05 |
| Cadmium | 0.03 | 0.004 | 87% | 0.01 |
| Chromium VI | 0.15 | 0.011 | 93% | 0.05 |
| Chromium III | 0.163 | 0.003 | 98% | 0.05 |
| Selenium | 0.1 | 0.006 | 94% | 0.01 |
| Mercury | 0.006 | 0.000* | 99+% | 0.002 |
| Endrin | 0.0008 | 0.000* | 99%+ | 0.0002 |
| Lindane | 0.011 | 0.0012 | 89% | 0.004 |
| Methoxychlor | 0.32 | 0.0059 | 98% | 0.1 |
| Toxaphene | 0.013 | 0.000* | 99%+ | 0.005 |
| 2,4-D | 0.3 | 0.02 | 93% | 0.1 |
| Silvex (2,4,5-TP) | 0.029 | 0.004 | 86% | 0.01 |
A separate test was run on another KDF/GAC cartridge to determine chlorine removal capacity. The challenge solution contained 3 mg/l chlorine (most cities use less than 1 mg/l). 2 mg/l lead was also added. At 20,000 gallons, both were being removed 99.9+%. The test was terminated at 28,400 gallons when the chlorine removal rate hit 90%. The lead removal was still 97.6%.
The many models of countertop filters include sealed 5 stage units, single, double and triple replaceable multi-cartridge units; single and double replaceable cartridge units housed in stainless steel, and a countertop travel model. The sealed and single replaceable cartridge units use the 5 stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest system. The double replaceable cartridge unit adds a sediment filter before the 5 stage KDF/GAC cartridge. The triple replaceable cartridge unit adds to the double unit an added ion resin cartridge that helps soften water and is very effective at binding lead, copper and other positively charged ions. It acts like a magnet trapping contaminants onto the resin. The contaminants that are removed are exchanged for hydrogen ions, a natural component of water. All countertop models come in the 10,000; 20,000; and 30,000 gallon capacity units (Plus, Ultra, and Ultimate models).
The undersink models are similar to the countertop models offering sealed, single, double, and triple replaceable cartridge units except that there are no models housed in stainless steel. Also, the triple replaceable cartridge unit adds a solid carbon cartridge instead of the ion resin cartridge of the countertop models. All undersink models come in the 10,000; 20,000; and 30,000 gallon capacity units (Plus, Ultra and Ultimate models). A Refrigerator ice-maker hook up is also available for the undersink models that adds a refrigerator line to the filter's output.
Countertop and undersink models are available in the following specialties:
single, double and triple replaceable cartridges in both countertop and undersink models as well as a stainless steel single cartridge model. The single cartridges are a simple ceramic filter. The double cartridge models consist of a ceramic filter plus a 5 - stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest filter. The triple cartridge models have a sediment filter, a ceramic filter, then the 5-stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest filter.
single, double and triple replaceable cartridges in both countertop and undersink models, as well as a stainless steel single cartridge model. The single cartridge models are a simple SIR-900 fluoride cartridge. The double cartridge models consist of a 5 - stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest cartridge then the SIR-900 fluoride cartridge. The triple cartridge models have a solid carbon block filter, then the 5 - stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest cartridge, then the SIR -900 fluoride cartridge. Note: high pH and high bicarbonate levels reduce capacity of the fluoride filter. The SIR-900 media also effectively removes arsenic and lead.
The newer multi cartridge undersink models have a refrigerator ice-hook up option. This is basically a push connect "Tee" that branches off from the undersink line to a 1/4" hose that will feed into the 1/4" O.D. or hose refrigerator hook up. There are also 2 in-line refrigerator filters: a horizontal unit with feet that lasts 10,000 gallons and uses the 5 stage KDF/GAC filter and the more conventional vertical replaceable cartridge model. The replaceable cartridge uses the same KDF/GAC design that Crystal Quest is famous for. To achieve a fluoride refrigerator filter, one would add the refrigerator ice-hook up option to an undersink fluoride model or purchase one of the original 4 stage fluoride refrigerator models. The 4 stage models differ from the newer 5 stage models only because the KDF media is exclusively KDF®55 instead of KDF®55 and KDF®85. Similarly to achieve the sediment refrigerator model one would add the refrigerator ice-hook up to an undersink multi-cartridge model that has a sediment cartridge or use the original 4 stage sediment refrigerator filter.
Reverse osmosis is available as an installed 5 stage system for do - it - selfers or as a portable 3 stage Reverse Osmosis system that hooks up the countertop.
Whole house filters come in all sizes, from a 10" 50,000 gallon single replaceable cartridge unit in plastic or stainless steel housing to 20" single, double, or triple replaceable cartridge units lasting 100, 150, and 200 thousand gallons respectively. The single units are, of course, the Crystal Quest 5 stage filtration system. The double cartridge unit adds a 20" solid carbon cartridge after the KDF/GAC cartridge. The triple cartridge unit adds a 20" sediment cartridge before the KDF/GAC cartridge and a 20" solid carbon cartridge after. For even more capacity, the 500 series comes in 500,000 and 750,000 and 1,000,000 gallon capacity models. It includes a smaller sediment cartridge before and a post filter cartridge after the large 48" high 9" diameter main 5 stage KDF/GAC filter. The BW F500 series has the same capacity as the 500 series but adds an industry-leading Fleck control valve to automatically backwash the system removing the trapped contaminants and washing them down the drain. It includes smaller separate replaceable sediment and high quality granulated activated carbon cartridges to be installed before and after the main unit. A licensed plumber is recommended for installation.
These are compact units that manage to incorporate the Crystal Quest 5 stage KDF/GAC filtration system. Units last 2,000 gallons, and are available in white, black, and chrome.
Choose from floor or countertop water cooler models that deliver hot and cold filtered water. Both water coolers employ 4 stages of filtration: the sediment filter, an activated carbon filter, an NF membrane, and an ion exchange cartridge. The units are plumbed directly into the cold water line.
Water Softeners are available with and without bundled water filters. They are available in 30,000; 45,000; and 60,000 grain capacities in single or twin tank configurations. They use the industry-leading Fleck control valves in both metered and timed models. The combined water filter/softener achieves 8 stages of filtration: a sediment pre-filter, then a 200,000 gallon 5 - stage KDF/GAC filter, then a solid carbon filter, and finally the water softener itself is the 8th stage.
The
Core of the Crystal Quest units is the 5
stage filtration. The multi-stage units add one to three additional
layers of filtration. There are also a few single purpose single cartridge
filters that do not include the 5 stage filtration, notably single cartridge
ceramic filters and single cartridge fluoride filters.
Crystal Quest 5 stage cartridge is the cartridge pictured on the left. It is the same system used in the sealed units, but comes as a replaceable cartridge in the replaceable cartridge units. Click for or more details about the 5 stage filtration system.
Ceramic cartridges have a fine ceramic pore structure that effectively removes harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Fecal coliform, Salmonella, Streptococcus, and cysts (Cryptosporidium, Giardia) and sediment. The cartridge can be cleaned up to 30 times (about once a month). Water filters that have a ceramic cartridge come in single, double and triple cartridge models for both countertop and undersink.
Sediment cartridges remove 99.99% of microbiological cysts, cryptosporidium and giardia as well as the larger sediment that would otherwise clog up the main KDF/GAC cartridge. Sediment filters are the first cartridge in double and triple cartridge ceramic, countertop, undersink, reverse-osmosis, and whole house water filters as well as in the water cooler and water softener with filter.
Solid Carbon Block cartridges have a finer pore structure and will not channel which gives the water more contact with the activated carbon. This cartridge exists in some triple cartridge undersink filters, triple cartridge countertop and undersink fluoride filters, the in line reverse osmosis filter, double and triple cartridge whole house filters, and the water softener with triple cartridge water filter.
Granulated Activated Carbon cartridges augments the GAC found in the Crystal Quest 5 stage filter. It is found in the pre and/or post RO cartridges, the 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallon capacity self backwashing whole house water filters, and in the countertop and floor model water coolers.
Ion resin cartridges help soften water and are very effective at binding lead, copper, and other positively charged ions. It acts like a magnet trapping contaminants onto the resin. The contaminants that are removed are exchanged for hydrogen ions, a natural component of water. It is found in the triple cartridge countertop water filters and the countertop and floor model water cooler.
Fluoride cartridges are the special component of the Crystal Quest fluoride filters. They are an SIR-900 media, is a high capacity adsorbent media that is highly selective for lead, arsenic and fluoride. Capacity is up to 11,000 ppm with effluent levels below 0.2 ppm from 10 ppm feed. The EPA maximum contaminant level is 4 ppm. Thus, if fluoride is added, as opposed to naturally occurring, the feed levels would be well below 10 ppm. The arsenic and fluoride removal is pH sensitive. High ph and high bicarbonate levels reduce capacity to remove fluoride. Above 100 ppm bicarbonate, reduction by 50% can be expected; above 200 ppm the reduction of capacity will be 75%.
Filters requiring no special tools: This is applicable to undersink filters and assumes the existing plumbing has a flexible line. In houses with older plumbing, where there is a continuous copper connection, the copper pipe will need to be cut to accommodate the "Tee" provided. The Tee is threaded, so there will have to be a sweat to thread adaptor soldered in as well. Of course, countertop water filters require no tools, are are extremely easy to install.
Filters best installed by a licensed plumber: The whole house water filters, water coolers and water softeners are ("in line") and are best installed by a licensed plumber. The reverse osmosis with booster pump is made for a do - it - yourselfer, but those without plumbing skills might also want to hire a plumber.
Sealed units:
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From unfiltered water to filtered - just push the diverter switch.
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diverter |
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Hooks up to separate chromed long reach faucet | |
| Quick connect fittings for easy installation | ||
| Installs out of sight under the sink | ||
| Easy installation kit included. |
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Easy installation w/quick connect fittings | |
| Installs to appliance directly In-Line |
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| Activated carbon has been known as a miracle filter media by many researchers because of its unique ability to remove offensive tastes, odor, color, chlorine and volatile organic chemicals, pesticides and trihalomethanes (a group of suspected carcinogens). Briefly, activated carbon acts like a sponge, with a large surface area to absorb contaminants in the water. Many scientists believe this is a result of affinity that these chemicals have for carbon because of Van Der Waal forces. Activated carbon is the preferred treatment and method recommended by the EPA to remove a host of potentially hazardous and possibly carcinogenic chemicals in drinking water. A partial list of chemicals that are reduced or removed by activated carbon are: | ||||||||||||
| The chart shows partial contaminants regulated for public water systems by the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the maximum contaminant levels, source, health effects and treatment options for each. | ||||||||||||
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Organic |
MCL |
Source/Industrial occurrence |
Health effect |
Treatment |
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| Chlorobenzene |
0.1 |
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Activated carbon |
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| CIS-1,2 Dichloroethylene |
0.07 |
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Activated carbon |
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| Dibromochloropropane |
0.0002 |
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Activated carbon |
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| Dichloromethance |
0.005 |
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Aeration |
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| Dioxin |
0.00000003 |
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Activated carbon |
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| Epichlorohydrin |
0 |
Used in epoxy resins and coating and in flocculants used in treatment. |
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Activated carbon |
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| Ethlbenzene |
0.7 |
Used in the manufacturer of gasoline, insecticides and asphalt. | Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Ethylene Dibromide |
0.00005 |
Used as a gasoline additive and soil fumigant. | Affects nervous system, kidney and liver. |
Activated carbon |
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| Monochlorobenzene |
0.01 |
Used in manufacture of pesticides and as a metal cleaner and industrial solvent. |
Cancer |
Activated carbon |
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| PAHs |
0.0002 |
Coal tar coating, burnings organic matter, volcanoes, fossil fuels. |
Cancer |
Activated carbon |
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| Phthalate
(di(2-ethylhexyl)) |
0.006 |
PVC and other plastics. | Affects skin and liver. Causes nausea. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Polychlorinated
Biophenyts (PCBs) |
0.0005 |
Used in electrical transformers, | Affect nervous system, kidneys and liver. |
Activated carbon |
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| Styrene |
0.01 |
Used in manufacturing plastic, resins and foams. | Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer and anesthesia. |
Activated carbon |
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| Tetrachloroethylene |
0.005 |
Used in dry cleaning and as a degreasing agent for metals. Also used for manufacturing rubber, waxes, paints and inks. | Affects nervous system, liver and kidneys. Causes narcosis. Irritant to respiratory system. |
Activated carbon |
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| Toluene |
1 |
Used in gasoline, paint thinners, lacquers and adhesives. |
Cancer |
Activated carbon, ozonation |
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|
0.01 |
Formed when water containing organic matter is treated with chlorine. | Affects nervous system and muscles. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon, aeration, ultra filtration (20-90%), RO (20-90%) |
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| 1,1 Dichloroethylene |
0.007 |
Used in manufacturing dyes, plastic, perfumes, paints and adhesives | Affects kidneys and liver and can cause nausea. |
Activated carbon |
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| 1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
0.005 |
Solvent in rubber products, chemical production waste. | Kidney, liver, nervous system damage |
Activated carbon, aeration |
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| 1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
0.02 |
Used in manufacturing of pesticides, plastic and metals. | Affects nervous system. Causes narcosis and probably cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| 1,2 Dichlorobenzene |
0.6 |
Used in the manufacturing of fumigants, insecticides, waxes, resins, rubber and asphalt. | Affects lungs, liver and kidneys. |
Activated carbon |
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| 1,2 Dichloroethane |
0.005 |
Used in the manufacturing of gasoline, paint, varnish, metal degreasers and insecticide fumigants. | Damage kidney and liver can cause nausea. |
Activated carbon |
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| 1,2 Dichloropropane |
0.005 |
Used in insecticide fumigants, dry cleaning fluids and in manufacturing of resins, waxes and petroleum products | Affects lungs, liver and kidneys. |
Activated carbon |
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| 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene |
0.07 |
Herbicide production; dye carrier. | Liver, kidney damage |
Activated carbon, aeration |
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| 1,4 Dichlorobenzene |
0.075 |
Used in moth repellent, germicides, pesticides and soil fumigants. | Affects nervous system, liver and kidneys. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Acrytamide |
0 |
Flocculants used in sewage and wastewater treatment. | Affect nervous system, probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Adipates |
0.4 |
Synthetic rubber, food packaging, cosmetics. | Decreased body weight; liver and testes damage. |
Activated carbon, aeration |
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| Benzene |
0.005 |
Used in fuels and as a solvent in manufacturing pharmaceuticals, plastics, pesticides and paints. Often traced to leaking underground storage tanks. | Leukemia, anemia and possibly cancer. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
| Trans-1,2
Dichloroethylene |
0.1 |
Used as an industrial solvent in the manufacturing of dyes, perfumes, lacquers and rubber. | Affects liver, and nervous and circulatory systems. |
Activated carbon, ozonation with UV irradiation. |
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| Trichloroethylene |
0.1 |
Used in dry cleaning and as a degreasing agent. Also used for manufacturing rubber, paints, adhesives, resins, oils and fumigants. | Irritates body tissue. Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Vinyl Chloride |
0.005 |
Used as a plastic adhesive and refrigerant. The main component of PVC pipe | Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Xyienes |
0.002 |
Used in manufacturing paint, ink, petroleum and detergents. | Affects nervous system, kidneys, lungs, liver and mucous membranes. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
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Pesticides |
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Agricultural insecticide | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
| Chlordane |
0.04 |
Used on rodents, insects, birds. Restricted since 1980. | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Endrin |
0.0002 |
Agricultural insecticide. | Liver, kidneys, heart damage. |
Activated carbon |
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| Heptachlor |
0.0004 |
Agricultural insecticide. Converts to expoxide by soil and water organisms | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
| Heptachlor Expoxide |
0.0002 |
Pesticide production by-product. | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
| Hexachlorobenzene |
0.001 |
Pesticide production by-product. | Cancer | Activated carbon | ||||||||
| Hexachlorocyclopentadiene |
0.05 |
Agricultural insecticide. | Cancer |
Activated carbon, aeration |
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| Lindane |
0.0002 |
Agricultural insecticide. | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Methoxychlor |
0.04 |
Insecticide used on apples, potatoes, tomatoes. | Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Oxamyl | Agricultural insecticide. | Kidney damage. |
Activated carbon |
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Herbicides |
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Agricultural herbicides | Affect nervous and reproductive system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver and heart. Causes anesthesia. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Dalapon |
0.2 |
Herbicide used on orchards, beans, coffee, lawn, roads and railway. | Liver, kidney damage. |
Activated carbon |
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| Dinoseb |
0.007 |
Runoff of herbicide from crop and non crop applications. | Thyroid, reproduction organ damage. |
Activated carbon |
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| Diquat |
0.02 |
Runoff of herbicide on land and aquatic weeds. | Liver, kidneys, eye effects. |
Activated carbon |
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| Endothall |
0.01 |
Used on crops, land and aquatic weeds. | Liver, kidney and gastrointestinal damage. |
Activated carbon |
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| Glyphosphate |
0.7 |
Used on grass, weeds, brush | Liver, kidney damage |
Activated carbon |
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| Pentachlorophenol |
0.001 |
Agricultural herbicide and wood preservative. | Affects nervous and reproductive system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver and heart. Causes anesthesia. Probable cause of cancer. |
Activated carbon |
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| Picloram |
0.5 |
Used on broadleaf and woody plants. | Kidney, liver damage. |
Activated carbon |
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| Simazine | 0.004 | Used on grass sod, some crop, aquatic algae. | Cancer. | Activated carbon | ||||||||
Source: Water Technology, Directory Issue / 1995 |
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