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 Crystal Quest Water Filter Page

KDF/GAC test results || summary of models || filtration stages || installationbackwashing  ||  disinfection || GAC || other Crystal Quest product pages

KDF media utilize an old process in a new way-the oxidation and reduction of ions, known as redox. In short, the redox process works by exchanging electrons with contaminants. This give and take of electrons converts many harmful contaminants into harmless components, such as chlorine to chloride. Other contaminants, including heavy metals, bond to the KDF media, which greatly reduces or virtually eliminates these substances.

KDF process media control microorganisms in two ways. The first is a by-product of redox; the exchange of electrons sets up an electrolytic field in which most microorganisms can't survive. Second, the process of forming hydroxyl radicals and peroxides from some of the water molecules interferes with the microorganisms' ability to function.

Redox media remove up to 98% of water-soluble cations (positively-charged ions) of lead, mercury, copper, nickel, chromium, and other dissolved metals. 

When filtered through KDF media, soluble lead cations are reduced to insoluble lead atoms, which are electroplated onto the surface of the media. Other heavy metals bond to the media and may be recovered when the exhausted media is passed through a copper smelter.

KDF Process Media  are generally used in place of, or in conjunction with, granular activated carbon water filters.   KDF Process Media extend the life of GAC while protecting the carbon bed against fouling by bacterial growth.

KDF/GAC test results

NFS Standard 53 Test Protocol 

Performed by independent laboratory

20,000 galllons of city water, spiked with high levels of specific contaminants, was run through a KDF/GAC cartidge. The efficiency shown below was measured AFTER 20,000 gallons had passed through the cartridge (when new, removal is 99+%). Most other non-standard tests show results after only one pass of contaminated water, which does not indicate how the filter will perform towards the end of its life. To pass the NSF-53 protocol, the effluent must be under the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) throughout the test.

All concentrations are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/l).

test results at 20,000 gallons

Chemical Influent Effluent Efficiency EPA MCL
THM (chloroform) 0.57 0.029 95% 0.1
Lead 0.19 0.006 97% 0.025
Fluoride (1) 8.26 0.78 91% 1.4
Nitrate (1) 30.7 8.03 74% 10.0
Barium 10.4 0.56 95% 1.0
Arsenic 0.37 0.007 98% 0.05
Cadmium 0.03 0.004 87% 0.01
Chromium VI 0.15 0.011 93% 0.05
Chromium III 0.163 0.003 98% 0.05
Selenium 0.1 0.006 94% 0.01
Mercury 0.006 0.000* 99+% 0.002
Endrin 0.0008 0.000* 99%+ 0.0002
Lindane 0.011 0.0012 89% 0.004
Methoxychlor 0.32 0.0059 98% 0.1
Toxaphene 0.013 0.000* 99%+ 0.005
2,4-D 0.3 0.02 93% 0.1
Silvex (2,4,5-TP) 0.029 0.004 86% 0.01

* - Below detectable limit.
(1) - While this test shows a reduction in these contaminants, KDF is inconsistent in their removal in certain water conditions. We offer special nitrate and fluoride filters, or reverse osmosis, if removal is needed.

A separate test was run on another KDF/GAC cartridge to determine chlorine removal capacity. The challenge solution contained 3 mg/l chlorine (most cities use less than 1 mg/l). 2 mg/l lead was also added. At 20,000 gallons, both were being removed 99.9+%. The test was terminated at 28,400 gallons when the chlorine removal rate hit 90%. The lead removal was still 97.6%.

Summary of Models

The many models of countertop filters include sealed 5 stage units, single, double and triple replaceable multi-cartridge units; single and double replaceable cartridge units housed in stainless steel, and a countertop travel model.  The sealed and single replaceable cartridge units use the 5 stage KDF/GAC Crystal Quest system.  The double replaceable cartridge unit adds a sediment filter before the 5 stage KDF/GAC cartridge.  The triple replaceable cartridge unit adds to the double unit an added ion resin cartridge that helps soften water and is very effective at binding lead, copper and other positively charged ions. It acts like a magnet trapping contaminants onto the resin. The contaminants that are removed are exchanged for hydrogen ions, a natural component of water. All countertop models come in the 10,000; 20,000; and 30,000 gallon capacity units (Plus, Ultra, and Ultimate models).

The undersink  models are similar to the countertop models offering sealed, single, double, and triple replaceable cartridge units except that there are no models housed in stainless steel.  Also, the triple replaceable cartridge unit adds a solid carbon cartridge instead of the ion resin cartridge of the countertop models.  All undersink models come in the 10,000; 20,000; and 30,000 gallon capacity units (Plus, Ultra and Ultimate models).  A Refrigerator ice-maker hook up is also available for the undersink models that adds a refrigerator line to the filter's output.  

Countertop and undersink models are available in the following specialties:

Reverse osmosis is available as an installed 5 stage system for do - it - selfers or as a portable 3 stage Reverse Osmosis system that hooks up the countertop.

Filtration Stages

Crystal Quest 5 Stage FiltrationThe Core of the Crystal Quest units is the 5 stage filtration.  The multi-stage units add one to three additional layers of filtration.  There are also a few single purpose single cartridge filters that do not include the 5 stage filtration, notably single cartridge ceramic filters and single cartridge fluoride filters. 

Crystal Quest 5 stage cartridge is the cartridge pictured on the left.  It is the same system used in the sealed units, but comes as a replaceable cartridge in the replaceable cartridge units. Click for or more details about the 5 stage filtration system

Ceramic cartridges have a fine ceramic pore structure that effectively removes harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Fecal coliform, Salmonella, Streptococcus, and cysts (Cryptosporidium, Giardia) and sediment. The cartridge can be cleaned up to 30 times (about once a month).  Water filters that have a ceramic cartridge come in single, double and triple cartridge models for both countertop and undersink.  

Sediment cartridges remove 99.99% of microbiological cysts, cryptosporidium and giardia as well as the larger sediment that would otherwise clog up the main KDF/GAC cartridge.  Sediment filters are the first cartridge in double and triple cartridge ceramic, countertop, undersink, reverse-osmosis, and whole house water filters as well as in the water cooler and   water softener with filter.

Solid Carbon Block cartridges have a finer pore structure and will not channel which gives the water more contact with the activated carbon.  This cartridge exists in some triple cartridge undersink filters, triple cartridge countertop and undersink fluoride filters, the in line reverse osmosis filter, double and triple cartridge whole house filters, and the water softener with triple cartridge water filter.  

Granulated Activated Carbon cartridges augments the GAC found in the Crystal Quest 5 stage filter.  It is found in the pre and/or  post RO cartridges, the 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallon capacity self backwashing whole house water filters, and in the countertop and floor model water coolers.  

Ion resin cartridges help soften water and are very effective at binding lead, copper, and other positively charged ions.  It acts like a magnet trapping contaminants onto the resin.  The contaminants that are removed are exchanged for hydrogen ions, a natural component of water.  It is found in the triple cartridge countertop water filters and the countertop and floor model water cooler. 

Fluoride cartridges are the special component of the Crystal Quest fluoride filters.  They are an SIR-900 media, is a high capacity adsorbent media that is highly selective for lead, arsenic and fluoride. Capacity is up to 11,000 ppm with effluent levels below 0.2 ppm from 10 ppm feed.  The EPA maximum contaminant level is 4 ppm. Thus, if fluoride is added, as opposed to naturally occurring, the feed levels would be well below 10 ppm.   The arsenic and fluoride removal is pH sensitive.  High ph and high bicarbonate  levels reduce capacity to remove fluoride.  Above 100 ppm bicarbonate, reduction by 50% can be expected; above 200 ppm the reduction of capacity will be 75%.   

Installation

Filters requiring no special tools: This is applicable to undersink filters and assumes the existing plumbing has a flexible line.  In houses with older plumbing, where there is a continuous copper connection, the copper pipe will need to be cut to accommodate the "Tee" provided.  The Tee is threaded, so there will have to be a sweat to thread adaptor soldered in as well. Of course, countertop water filters require no tools, are are extremely easy to install.

Filters best installed by a licensed plumberThe  whole house water filters,  water coolers and water softeners are ("in line") and are best installed by a licensed plumber.  The reverse osmosis with booster pump is made for a do - it - yourselfer, but those without plumbing skills might also want to hire a plumber. 

Sealed units:

easy to install water filters  
CRYSTAL QUEST water system is very simple to hook up and use. It   installs in minutes without tools on all standard faucets

Remove old faucet aerator

Install the diverter valve/aerator

From unfiltered water to filtered - just push the diverter switch.   

diverter switch

diverterDiverter

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undersink installation diagram Hooks up to separate chromed long reach faucet
Quick connect fittings for easy installation 
Installs out of sight under the sink
Easy installation kit included.
refrigerator filter installation diagram Easy installation w/quick connect fittings
Installs to appliance directly In-Line

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Backwashing

 

backwashing instructions
backwashing instructions continued

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Disinfection

 

disinfection diagram
disinfection diagram continued

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GAC

Activated carbon has been known as a miracle filter media by many researchers because of its unique ability to  remove offensive tastes, odor, color, chlorine and volatile organic chemicals, pesticides and trihalomethanes (a group of suspected carcinogens). Briefly, activated carbon  acts like a sponge, with a large surface area to absorb contaminants in the water. Many scientists believe this is a result of affinity that these chemicals have for carbon because of Van Der Waal forces. Activated carbon is the preferred treatment and method recommended by the EPA to remove a host of potentially hazardous and possibly carcinogenic chemicals in drinking water. A partial list of chemicals that are reduced or removed by activated carbon are: 
 The chart shows partial contaminants regulated for public water systems by the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the maximum contaminant levels, source, health effects and treatment options for each.

Organic

MCL

Source/Industrial occurrence

Health effect

Treatment

Chlorobenzene

0.1

Used as a solvent for paint and metal manufacturing. Also used in insecticides.
Affects nervous system, kidneys and liver.

Activated carbon

CIS-1,2  Dichloroethylene              

0.07

 Used as an industrial solvent in the manufacturing of dyes, perfumes  and lacquers.
Affects liver, and a nervous and circulatory systems. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Dibromochloropropane

0.0002

Soil fumigant on soybeans, and cotton. Canceled in 1997
Cancer

Activated carbon

Dichloromethance

0.005

Paint stripper, metal degrease, propellant.
Cancer

Aeration

Dioxin

0.00000003

Chemical production by-product; impurity in herbicides.
Affects lungs, liver and kidney. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Epichlorohydrin

0

Used in epoxy resins and coating and in flocculants used in treatment.
Affect nervous system, kidney and liver.

Activated carbon

Ethlbenzene

0.7

Used in the manufacturer of gasoline, insecticides and  asphalt. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Ethylene Dibromide

0.00005

Used as a gasoline additive and soil fumigant. Affects nervous system, kidney and liver.

Activated carbon

Monochlorobenzene

0.01

Used in manufacture of pesticides and as a metal cleaner and industrial solvent.

Cancer

Activated carbon

PAHs

0.0002

Coal tar coating, burnings organic matter, volcanoes, fossil fuels.

Cancer

Activated carbon

Phthalate

(di(2-ethylhexyl))

0.006

PVC and other plastics. Affects skin and liver. Causes nausea. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Polychlorinated

Biophenyts (PCBs)

0.0005

Used in electrical transformers, Affect nervous system, kidneys and liver.

Activated carbon

Styrene

0.01

Used in manufacturing plastic, resins and foams. Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer and anesthesia.

Activated carbon

Tetrachloroethylene

0.005

Used in dry cleaning and as a degreasing agent for metals. Also used for manufacturing rubber, waxes, paints and inks. Affects nervous system, liver and kidneys. Causes narcosis. Irritant to respiratory system.

Activated carbon

Toluene

1

Used in gasoline, paint thinners, lacquers and adhesives.

Cancer

Activated carbon, ozonation

Total Trihalomethanes
(THMs):
Chloroform
Bromoform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane

0.01

Formed when water containing organic matter is treated with chlorine. Affects nervous system and muscles. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon, aeration, ultra filtration (20-90%), RO (20-90%)

1,1 Dichloroethylene

0.007

Used in manufacturing dyes, plastic, perfumes, paints and adhesives Affects kidneys and liver and can cause nausea.

Activated carbon

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

0.005

Solvent in rubber products, chemical production waste. Kidney, liver, nervous system damage

Activated carbon, aeration

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

0.02

Used in manufacturing of pesticides, plastic and metals. Affects nervous system. Causes narcosis and probably cancer.

Activated carbon

1,2 Dichlorobenzene

0.6

Used in the manufacturing of fumigants, insecticides, waxes, resins, rubber and asphalt. Affects lungs, liver and kidneys.

Activated carbon

1,2 Dichloroethane

0.005

Used in the manufacturing of gasoline, paint, varnish, metal degreasers and insecticide fumigants. Damage kidney and liver can cause nausea.

Activated carbon

1,2 Dichloropropane

0.005

Used in insecticide fumigants, dry cleaning fluids and in manufacturing of resins, waxes and petroleum products Affects lungs, liver and kidneys.

Activated carbon

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

0.07

Herbicide production; dye carrier. Liver, kidney damage

Activated carbon, aeration

1,4 Dichlorobenzene

0.075

Used in moth repellent, germicides, pesticides and soil fumigants. Affects nervous system, liver and kidneys. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Acrytamide

0

Flocculants used in sewage and wastewater treatment. Affect nervous system, probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Adipates

0.4

Synthetic rubber, food packaging, cosmetics. Decreased body weight; liver and testes damage.

Activated carbon, aeration

Benzene

0.005

Used in fuels and as a solvent in manufacturing pharmaceuticals, plastics, pesticides and paints. Often traced to leaking underground storage tanks. Leukemia, anemia and possibly cancer. Activated carbon
Trans-1,2

Dichloroethylene

0.1

Used as an industrial solvent in the manufacturing of dyes, perfumes, lacquers and rubber. Affects liver, and nervous and circulatory systems.

Activated carbon, ozonation with UV irradiation.

Trichloroethylene

0.1

Used in dry cleaning and as a degreasing agent. Also used for manufacturing rubber, paints, adhesives, resins, oils and fumigants. Irritates body tissue. Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Vinyl Chloride

0.005

Used as a plastic adhesive and refrigerant. The main component of PVC pipe Affects nervous system. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Xyienes

0.002

Used in manufacturing paint, ink, petroleum and detergents. Affects nervous system, kidneys, lungs, liver and mucous membranes. Activated carbon

Pesticides

Aldicarb
Aldicarb Sulfone
Aldicarb Sulfoxide
Carboturan

10

0.003

0.002

0.004

Agricultural insecticide Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. Activated carbon
Chlordane

0.04

Used on rodents, insects, birds. Restricted since 1980. Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Endrin

0.0002

Agricultural insecticide. Liver, kidneys, heart damage.

Activated carbon

Heptachlor

0.0004

Agricultural insecticide. Converts to expoxide by soil and water organisms Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. Activated carbon
Heptachlor Expoxide

0.0002

Pesticide production by-product. Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer. Activated carbon
Hexachlorobenzene

0.001

Pesticide production by-product. Cancer Activated carbon
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

0.05

Agricultural insecticide. Cancer

Activated carbon, aeration

Lindane

0.0002

Agricultural insecticide. Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Methoxychlor

0.04

Insecticide used on apples, potatoes, tomatoes. Affects nervous system, respiratory system, kidneys and liver. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Oxamyl Agricultural insecticide. Kidney damage.

Activated carbon

Herbicides

2,4-D
2,4,5-TP (silvex)
Alachlor
Alrazine

0.07

0.05

0.002

0.003

Agricultural  herbicides Affect nervous and reproductive system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver and heart. Causes anesthesia. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Dalapon

0.2

Herbicide used on orchards, beans, coffee, lawn, roads and railway. Liver, kidney damage.

Activated carbon

Dinoseb

0.007

Runoff of herbicide from crop and non crop applications. Thyroid, reproduction organ damage.

Activated carbon

Diquat

0.02

Runoff of herbicide on land and aquatic weeds. Liver, kidneys, eye effects.

Activated carbon

Endothall

0.01

Used on crops, land and aquatic weeds. Liver, kidney and gastrointestinal damage.

Activated carbon

Glyphosphate

0.7

Used on grass, weeds, brush Liver, kidney damage

Activated carbon

Pentachlorophenol

0.001

Agricultural herbicide and wood preservative. Affects nervous and reproductive system, respiratory system, kidneys, liver and heart. Causes anesthesia. Probable cause of cancer.

Activated carbon

Picloram

0.5

Used on broadleaf and woody plants. Kidney, liver damage.

Activated carbon

Simazine 0.004 Used on grass sod, some crop, aquatic algae. Cancer. Activated carbon
The contaminants or other substances removed or reduced by this unit are not necessarily in your water.

Source: Water Technology, Directory Issue / 1995

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